calculated by vs calculated as

Both 'calculated by' and 'calculated as' are correct, but they are used in different contexts. 'Calculated by' is used when referring to the person or method performing the calculation. 'Calculated as' is used to indicate the results or outcome of the calculation.

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Last updated: March 13, 2025 • 6469 views

This phrase is correct and commonly used when referring to the person or method performing the calculation.

"calculated by"

Use 'calculated by' when you want to specify who or what is performing the calculation. For example, 'The total cost was calculated by the accounting department.'

Examples:

The area of the triangle was calculated by using the formula for area.
The final grade is calculated by averaging all the test scores.
The interest rate is calculated by multiplying the principal amount by the rate.
The velocity of the object is calculated by measuring the distance and time.
The total expenses are calculated by adding up all the individual costs.

Show examples from the web [+]

Jan 11, 2008 ... "Calculated using" or "Calculated by using"? Thread starter chant ... "The result was calculated by using Murphy's law" This also goes ...
Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years. K. Sindelarova, C. Granier, I. Bouarar, A. Guenther, S ...
LDL-C calculated by Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, or NIH equation 2 versus beta-quantification: pooled alirocumab trials. J Lipid Res. 2022 Jan;63(1):100148 ...
Plotting a magnitude response calculated by hand. Learn more about magnituderesponse lowpassfilter.
Validation and applications of indexed aortic prosthetic valve areas calculated by Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Sep;16(3):637-43. doi ...
Jan 17, 2024 ... The HHI is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm competing in the market and then summing the resulting numbers.
Apr 9, 2019 ... kevinsohal (Customer) asked a question. April 9, 2019 at 12:08 AM. Using a timestamp calculated by an AF analysis, within a separate analysis.
OFs for more than 200 different beams were collected in total. On average, the OFs for small fields calculated by TPSs were generally larger than measured ...
Sep 20, 2021 ... How to debug "Values in this column are calculated by a formula and can't be directly changed"? Tomislav_Mamic September 20, 2021, 8:06am 1.

Alternatives:

determined by
computed by
figured out by
found by

This phrase is correct and commonly used when indicating the result or outcome of a calculation.

"calculated as"

Use 'calculated as' when you want to express the value or expression that has been determined through a calculation. For example, 'The area of the triangle is calculated as half the base times the height.'

Examples:

The total cost was calculated as $500.
The final grade is calculated as a percentage.
The interest rate is calculated as 5%.
The velocity of the object is calculated as 10 meters per second.
The total expenses are calculated as $1000.

Show examples from the web [+]

Otherwise, Adif is calculated as described in the remainder of this part.
Arthur Andersen suggested using a rate calculated as the ratio between pre-tax profit and own funds.
In general the dosage will be calculated as described below.
The percentage of volume bioETBE that is calculated as biofuel is 45%.
The direct and indirect additional costs should be calculated as a share of gross value added.
Note: Data shown are calculated as three-month on three-month percentage changes.
In this table, the solvency ratio is calculated as free capital/total liabilities.
Maximum dose rate of 20 mg/kg NaCl calculated as ferrocyanide anion
The total amount of annual supervisory fees for 2016 shall be EUR 404536022, calculated as shown in the Annex.
The advantage is thus calculated as the difference between the two alternative preferential treatments foreseen as compensation for Terni.
The maximum value of the force shall be measured or calculated as indicated in paragraph 2.4.
For gaseous sulphur dioxide and trioxide, including acid droplets calculated as SO2 equivalent
The EEI shall be calculated as detailed in Annex VIII.
The Leverage Effect is calculated as the total New Debt Finance to eligible Final Recipients divided by the MS Contribution.
The minimum distance of bq, calculated as in chapter 13 of EN15273-3:2013 is herafter refered to as bqlim.
Electricity is calculated as described in point 6 of Part 2;
Δdif(S, R) is the attenuation due to the diffraction between S and R, calculated as in Subsection VI..4.b.
The option provided for in Article 22(1) is a derogation from the principle of a 48-hour maximum working week, calculated as an average over a reference period.
- The national net issuance according to the stock method is calculated as shown in the table below.
Total carotenoids (calculated as lycopene)

Alternatives:

determined as
computed as
figured out as
found as

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calculated by vs calculated as

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