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it has been estimated vs it had been estimated

Both phrases are correct, but they are used in different contexts. 'It has been estimated' is used when referring to a recent estimation that still holds true in the present. 'It had been estimated' is used when referring to an estimation that was made in the past but may no longer be valid.

Last updated: March 24, 2024 • 1286 views

it has been estimated

This phrase is correct and commonly used in English.

This phrase is used to indicate that an estimation was made in the past and still holds true in the present.
  • From clinical studies, it has been estimated that orlistat 60 mg taken three times daily blocks the absorption of approximately 25% of dietary fat.
  • One of the most important aspects in this respect is the control of illegal fishing, where it has been estimated that as much fish is caught illegally as is caught legally.
  • Also, it has been estimated that Iceland has already adopted some 60% of the vast acquis communautaire.
  • The simplified system being proposed by the Commission will significantly ease the administrative burden on some 300000 European haulage companies and it has been estimated that it will save these operators a total of at least EUR 160 million a year: not a bad result at all.
  • Firstly, it has been estimated that tax losses due to fiscal fraud relating to VAT and excise duty amount to more than 2% of the European Union's GDP.
  • It has been estimated that approximately one in every 1000 e-mails will be read.
  • If no action is taken, it has been estimated that this dependence will grow from the present level of 50% to 70% over the next 20 years.
  • In total, it has been estimated that the creation of this JTI will speed up, by up to five years, the delivery of robust hydrogen supply and fuel cell technologies, developed to the point of commercial take-off within the time-frame 2010-2020.
  • It has been estimated that 65% of fish species in the sea are dependent on reefs at some point in their life.
  • It has been estimated that the private-car vehicle park could expand by as much as a third by 2030.
  • It has been estimated that, if fully deployed across the Union, eCall could save up to two thousand five hundred lives every year.
  • It has been estimated that the Greek State has incurred losses of more than EUR 2 billion from Siemens's illegal business practices.
  • It has been estimated that the economic burden of stroke on the European economy is a staggering EUR 38 billion per year, and this clearly stretches our healthcare systems.
  • It has been estimated that the Italians alone have some EUR 500 billion of untaxed capital hidden away in tax havens.
  • It has been estimated that, for every 1% drop in the world GNP, 40 million more people will be driven into poverty.
  • It has been estimated that 100 of the largest companies in Ireland will exceed the current emission rates between 2005 and 2007.
  • It has been estimated in the United States alone that income tax would need to be raised to 65% per person just to cover the interest in the near future.
  • It has been estimated that hunting wildlife to meet demand for protein is only really sustainable in areas where there are less than 2 people per square km, and where trade routes are few.
  • It has been estimated that in order to reduce global warming by 2 % in the post-Kyoto period, additional spending of EUR 175 billion annually will be required.
  • It has been estimated that the economic burden of stroke on the European economy is a staggering EUR 38 billion per annum and this clearly stretches our healthcare systems.

Alternatives:

  • it is estimated
  • estimations have been made

it had been estimated

This phrase is correct and commonly used in English.

This phrase is used to indicate that an estimation was made in the past but may no longer be valid or relevant.

Alternatives:

  • an estimation had been made
  • it was estimated

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